Ai Health Economics

Health Economics Theory

Doctoral work examines the theoretical foundations of economic analysis applied to health. Theory explains why health markets behave unlike ordinary consumer markets.

Demand For Healthcare Research

Research examines what determines the care that people seek and use. Demand understanding underpins capacity planning across whole health systems.

Supply Of Healthcare Research

Doctoral study examines how care provision responds to incentives and constraints. Supply behaviour determines what services are actually available.

Health Production Function Research

Research examines how inputs translate into improved population health. Production analysis reveals which investments actually generate health.

Human Capital Approaches

Doctoral work examines health as an investment in productive capability. Human capital framing connects health directly with economic outcomes.

Health Investment Modelling

Research models individual decisions to invest in maintaining health. Investment models explain patterns of preventive behaviour across populations.

Utility Measurement In Health

Doctoral study examines representing preferences over differing health states. Utility measurement underpins nearly all formal economic evaluation.

Preference Elicitation Methods

Research examines eliciting what people actually value in health outcomes. Elicitation method choice substantially affects the resulting valuations.

Discrete Choice Experiment Research

Doctoral work examines preferences inferred from repeated hypothetical choices. Choice experiments reveal trade offs people cannot easily articulate.

Contingent Valuation Methods

Research examines directly asking people to value health improvements. Stated valuations are highly sensitive to framing and elicitation format.

Time Trade Off Research

Doctoral study examines valuing health states through longevity trade offs. This method underpins many of the most widely used health state valuations.

Standard Gamble Methods

Research examines valuing health states through risk based comparisons. Risk framing produces valuations differing from other elicitation methods.

Health State Valuation

Doctoral work examines assigning numerical values to described health conditions. Valuations determine how conditions compare within evaluation.

Quality Adjusted Outcome Research

Research examines measures combining length and quality of survival together. These measures permit comparison across entirely different health conditions.

Disability Adjusted Measures

Doctoral study examines burden measures used widely across global health. Burden measures shape international priority setting very substantially.

Wellbeing Measurement Research

Research examines broader wellbeing measures within health evaluation. Wellbeing captures effects that health specific measures entirely miss.

Capability Approach In Health

Doctoral work examines evaluation based on what people can actually do. Capability framing challenges the assumptions of conventional utility measurement.

Equity Weighting Research

Research examines giving greater weight to benefits for disadvantaged groups. Weighting makes distributional value judgements explicit rather than hidden.

Distributional Analysis Methods

Doctoral study examines who gains and who loses from health interventions. Aggregate analysis conceals distributional consequences entirely.

Extended Economic Evaluation

Research examines evaluation incorporating equity alongside efficiency. Extended methods address concerns conventional evaluation systematically ignores.

Cost Effectiveness Analysis Methods

Doctoral work examines comparing health gains against resources consumed. This analysis informs the majority of health technology decisions.

Cost Utility Analysis Research

Research examines evaluation using quality adjusted health outcome measures. This approach permits comparison across differing disease areas.

Cost Benefit Analysis In Health

Doctoral study examines valuing health outcomes in monetary equivalent terms. Monetary valuation permits comparison beyond the health sector.

Cost Consequence Analysis

Research examines presenting many outcomes without aggregating them together. Disaggregated presentation leaves weighting explicitly to decision makers.

Cost Minimisation Research

Doctoral work examines comparison where outcomes are genuinely equivalent. Equivalent outcomes are rarer than this method assumes in practice.

Decision Analytic Modelling

Research examines models representing the consequences of health decisions. Models extrapolate beyond what clinical trials can directly observe.

Markov Model Research

Doctoral study examines models representing transitions between health states. State transition models are the most widely used evaluation structure.

Discrete Event Simulation

Research examines simulation representing individual events and their timing. Event simulation captures interactions that simpler models cannot.

Agent Based Health Modelling

Doctoral work examines simulation of interacting individuals within a system. Agent models capture behaviour that aggregate approaches obscure.

Microsimulation Methods

Research examines simulating outcomes for individually represented people. Individual level simulation permits detailed heterogeneity in analysis.

Model Structure Uncertainty

Doctoral study examines uncertainty arising from modelling choices themselves. Structural choices frequently matter more than parameter values.

Parameter Uncertainty Analysis

Research examines uncertainty in the quantities models take as inputs. Input uncertainty propagates directly into every reported conclusion.

Probabilistic Sensitivity Methods

Doctoral work examines propagating uncertainty through economic evaluation models. Propagation analysis reveals which conclusions are genuinely robust.

Value Of Information Research

Research examines whether further evidence would improve decisions. This analysis identifies where research investment is genuinely worthwhile.

Expected Value Of Sample Information

Doctoral study examines the value of specifically designed future studies. This method connects economic evaluation directly with research design.

Threshold Analysis Research

Research examines the boundary separating acceptable from unacceptable value. Threshold setting is a policy judgement frequently presented as technical.

Willingness To Pay Research

Doctoral work examines what people and societies will sacrifice for health. Stated willingness frequently diverges from actual revealed behaviour.

Opportunity Cost Estimation

Research examines what is forgone when resources are committed elsewhere. Every funding decision displaces something else that is not funded.

Health Opportunity Cost Research

Doctoral study estimates the health lost when resources are diverted. Empirical estimates directly challenge conventionally assumed decision thresholds.

Discounting In Health Evaluation

Research examines how future outcomes are weighted against present ones. Discounting choices strongly disadvantage preventive interventions.

Time Horizon Selection Research

Doctoral work examines how far into the future an evaluation should look. Short horizons systematically undervalue interventions with delayed benefit.

Perspective Selection Research

Research examines whose costs and benefits an economic evaluation includes. Narrow perspectives exclude burdens falling on families and wider society.

Costing Methodology Research

Doctoral study examines how health resource use is valued within analysis. Costing methods differ substantially between health systems and studies.

Resource Use Measurement

Research examines capturing what resources an intervention actually consumes. Measurement completeness determines whether comparisons are fair.

Unit Cost Estimation Methods

Doctoral work examines valuing individual units of health service activity. Unit values underpin every subsequent economic calculation performed.

Health Econometrics Methods

Research develops statistical methods suited to health economic data. Health data routinely violates many of the standard econometric assumptions.

Causal Inference In Health Economics

Doctoral study examines separating causal effects from mere association. Policy conclusions require causal rather than correlational evidence.

Instrumental Variable Methods

Research examines addressing unmeasured confounding through external variation. Valid instruments are genuinely difficult to identify in health settings.

Regression Discontinuity Research

Doctoral work exploits thresholds determining who receives an intervention. Threshold rules are common in health policy and permit strong inference.

Difference In Differences Methods

Research compares change in affected against unaffected populations. Comparison groups strengthen inference about policy consequences considerably.

Synthetic Control Methods

Doctoral study constructs comparison units from weighted combinations of others. Synthetic comparisons suit evaluation of single large policy changes.

Propensity Score Research

Research examines statistically balancing treated and untreated groups. These methods are very widely used and are frequently applied incorrectly.

Matching Method Research

Doctoral work examines pairing comparable individuals across treatment groups. Matching quality determines the credibility of resulting estimates.

Panel Data Methods

Research examines analysis of repeated observations on the same units. Repeated observation controls for stable unobserved differences between units.

Survival Analysis In Economics

Doctoral study examines time to event methods within economic evaluation. Survival methods handle observations that end before an event occurs.

Count Data Modelling

Research examines modelling counts of health service contacts and events. Health utilisation data is heavily skewed with many zero observations.

Selection Bias Correction

Doctoral work examines bias arising from non random entry into samples. Selection effects pervade observational health economic research generally.

Missing Data Methods

Research examines principled handling of incomplete economic data. Missing cost data is rarely random and requires careful analytical treatment.

Measurement Error Research

Doctoral study examines consequences of imprecisely measured variables. Measurement error systematically distorts estimated economic relationships.

Heterogeneous Treatment Effects

Research examines how intervention effects differ between individuals. Average effects conceal groups who benefit and groups who are harmed.

Subgroup Analysis Methods

Doctoral work examines principled analysis of effects within population subgroups. Undisciplined subgroup analysis generates spurious findings readily.

Machine Learning For Causal Effects

Research examines learned methods estimating causal effects flexibly. Learned methods relax functional form assumptions that may well be wrong.

Double Machine Learning Research

Doctoral study examines combining learned prediction with causal estimation. This framework provides valid inference despite flexible modelling.

Causal Forest Applications

Research examines tree based estimation of varying treatment effects. These methods discover effect variation without prespecified subgroups.

Policy Learning Methods

Doctoral work examines learning who should receive which intervention. Learned allocation rules could improve on uniform treatment policies.

Optimal Treatment Rule Research

Research examines rules assigning treatment based on individual characteristics. Individualised rules must be evaluated for both benefit and fairness.

Prediction Versus Causation Research

Doctoral study examines confusion between predictive and causal reasoning. Predictive models are routinely misused to support causal claims.

Risk Prediction In Economics

Research examines predictive models informing economic and policy decisions. Prediction supports targeting where causal knowledge is unavailable.

Health Expenditure Forecasting

Doctoral work examines projecting future health system resource requirements. Forecasts underpin national planning and fiscal decision making.

Demand Forecasting Research

Research examines projecting future demand for health services. Forecasting determines whether capacity is planned adequately and in good time.

Simulation Calibration Methods

Doctoral study examines fitting models to reproduce observed patterns. Calibration determines whether a model represents observed reality credibly.

Model Validation In Evaluation

Research examines checking that economic models perform as intended. Validation practice in this field is inconsistent and frequently superficial.

External Validity Research

Doctoral work examines whether findings apply beyond their study setting. External validity is asserted far more often than it is demonstrated.

Transferability Across Settings

Research examines adapting evaluations between differing health systems. Costs and practice patterns differ enormously between health systems.

Evidence Synthesis For Economics

Doctoral study examines combining evidence to inform economic models. Synthesis quality directly determines the credibility of all model inputs.

Network Meta Analysis Methods

Research synthesises evidence across connected networks of comparisons. Network methods rank treatments never compared directly with one another.

Individual Patient Data Methods

Doctoral work examines synthesis using individual rather than summary data. Individual data permits analysis of variation that summaries conceal.

Real World Data Research

Research examines evidence generated from routine rather than trial care. Routine care populations differ substantially from trial participants.

Administrative Data Methods

Doctoral study examines analysis of data collected for system administration. Administrative data offers scale but was never collected for research.

Claims Data Analysis

Research examines reimbursement records as an economic research resource. Claims data captures billing rather than clinical reality directly.

Electronic Record Economics

Doctoral work examines clinical record data within economic analysis. Clinical records contain context that administrative data entirely lacks.

Registry Data Economics

Research examines disease registries supporting health economic evaluation. Registries capture long term outcomes that clinical trials cannot observe.

Survey Data Methods

Doctoral study examines household and population surveys in health economics. Surveys capture experience that health system records never see.

Linked Data Research

Research examines joining datasets across health and other public sectors. Linkage reveals connections that any single dataset cannot possibly show.

Data Privacy In Economic Research

Doctoral work examines protecting individuals within health economic datasets. Privacy protection constrains what analysis is legally permissible.

Federated Analysis Methods

Research examines analysis across datasets that cannot be pooled together. Federation addresses legal barriers to combining sensitive health data.

Natural Language Processing Applications

Doctoral study extracts economic information from clinical narrative text. Much resource use information exists only within free text records.

Large Model Applications In Economics

Research examines applying large language models within economic analysis. These tools assist synthesis while introducing new reliability concerns.

Automated Evidence Review

Doctoral work examines automating identification and extraction of evidence. Automation addresses the impossible volume of literature to review.

Reproducibility In Economic Evaluation

Research examines whether published economic analyses can be repeated. Many published models cannot be reproduced from their own descriptions.

Model Transparency Research

Doctoral study examines disclosure of economic model structure and assumptions. Concealed models cannot be scrutinised or independently checked.

Open Source Model Development

Research examines openly shared economic models and their governance. Open models permit reuse, correction and genuinely cumulative improvement.

Benchmark Case Research

Doctoral work examines shared reference problems for comparing methods. Common reference cases reveal where analytical methods genuinely disagree.

Reporting Standards Research

Research examines standards governing how evaluations are reported. Reporting completeness determines whether readers can assess credibility.

Peer Review Of Economic Models

Doctoral study examines expert scrutiny of submitted economic analyses. Model review requires expertise and time that reviewers rarely have.

Health System Financing Research

Research examines how health systems raise and allocate their resources. Financing arrangements determine who obtains care and who does not.

Tax Funded System Analysis

Doctoral work examines health systems financed through general taxation. Tax funding pools health risk across an entire national population.

Social Insurance Research

Research examines mandatory contribution based health financing arrangements. Social insurance links entitlement directly to contribution history.

Private Insurance Markets

Doctoral study examines voluntary health insurance market behaviour. Voluntary insurance markets suffer well documented and predictable failures.

Insurance Design Research

Research examines how insurance products are structured, priced and sold. Product design determines exposure to financial risk for insured people.

Moral Hazard Research

Doctoral work examines changed behaviour arising from insurance coverage. Behavioural response influences both spending and health outcomes.

Adverse Selection Analysis

Research examines sicker individuals disproportionately seeking insurance. Selection can cause voluntary insurance markets to collapse entirely.

Risk Adjustment Methods

Doctoral study examines adjusting payments for differing population risk. Adjustment prevents insurers profiting simply by avoiding sicker people.

Risk Pooling Research

Research examines spreading health risk across large populations. Pooling is the fundamental mechanism protecting people from ruinous illness.

Cost Sharing Analysis

Doctoral work examines charges patients face when using health services. Charges reduce both unnecessary and genuinely necessary care alike.

User Charge Research

Research examines direct charges levied at the point of service use. Point of use charges fall hardest on the poorest and the sickest people.

Catastrophic Expenditure Research

Doctoral study examines health spending that overwhelms household resources. Health related impoverishment affects very large numbers of households.

Financial Protection Analysis

Research examines whether health systems shield households from financial ruin. Financial protection is a core goal of universal health coverage.

Universal Coverage Research

Doctoral work examines progress toward health coverage for entire populations. Coverage expansion requires simultaneous attention to breadth and depth.

Benefit Package Design

Research examines deciding which services a health system will actually cover. Package definition is priority setting made explicit and public.

Priority Setting Research

Doctoral study examines how health systems choose between competing claims. Priority setting is unavoidable and deserves explicit reasoning.

Rationing And Allocation Research

Research examines distributing scarce health resources between patients. Rationing occurs everywhere and is frequently implicit and unexamined.

Provider Payment Research

Doctoral work examines how health providers are paid for their services. Payment method shapes provider behaviour more than exhortation does.

Fee For Service Analysis

Research examines payment linked to the volume of services delivered. Volume based payment reliably encourages increased provision of services.

Capitation Payment Research

Doctoral study examines fixed payment per registered person being served. Fixed payment encourages efficiency and risks underprovision of care.

Bundled Payment Analysis

Research examines single payments covering complete episodes of care. Bundling encourages coordination across otherwise fragmented providers.

Pay For Performance Research

Doctoral work examines payment linked to measured quality indicators. Evidence for genuine improvement from these schemes remains distinctly mixed.

Value Based Payment Research

Research examines payment linked to achieved patient health outcomes. Outcome linked payment is attractive yet remains difficult to implement well.

Provider Incentive Analysis

Doctoral study examines how financial incentives influence clinical behaviour. Incentives frequently produce responses nobody intended or anticipated.

Hospital Economics Research

Research examines the economics of hospital organisation and behaviour. Hospitals consume by far the largest share of health system resources.

Primary Care Economics

Doctoral work examines the economics of first contact health services. Strong primary care is associated with better outcomes at lower cost.

Competition In Health Markets

Research examines whether competition improves health service performance. Competition works differently where consumers cannot judge quality.

Market Concentration Research

Doctoral study examines dominance by few providers within health markets. Concentration raises prices without reliably improving service quality.

Provider Consolidation Analysis

Research examines mergers between health service provider organisations. Claimed efficiency benefits from mergers rarely materialise in practice.

Regulation Of Health Markets

Doctoral work examines rules governing participants within health markets. Regulation substitutes for competitive discipline wherever markets fail.

Price Setting Research

Research examines how prices for health services are actually determined. Administered prices shape provider behaviour throughout a health system.

Price Transparency Analysis

Doctoral study examines public disclosure of health service prices. Transparency alone rarely changes behaviour without other supporting reforms.

Purchasing And Commissioning

Research examines organisations buying services on behalf of populations. Strategic purchasing can substantially improve system performance.

Procurement Economics Research

Doctoral work examines competitive purchasing of health goods and services. Procurement design determines both value obtained and supply security.

Pharmaceutical Pricing Research

Research examines determination of what health systems pay for medicines. Medicine pricing is opaque, contested and increasingly unsustainable.

Medicine Reimbursement Research

Doctoral study examines decisions to fund particular medicines publicly. Reimbursement decisions determine which treatments patients can obtain.

Device And Diagnostic Economics

Research examines evaluation of medical devices and diagnostic tests. Diagnostics create value indirectly through the decisions they inform.

Digital Health Economics

Doctoral work examines economic evaluation of digital health technologies. Rapid iteration makes conventional evaluation timelines poorly suited.

Telehealth Economic Evaluation

Research examines the economics of remotely delivered health services. Remote delivery shifts costs between providers, patients and families.

Artificial Intelligence Adoption Economics

Doctoral study examines economic evaluation of automated clinical tools. Evaluation must capture workflow effects rather than accuracy alone.

Technology Diffusion Research

Research examines how health technologies spread through health systems. Diffusion frequently precedes rather than follows evidence of benefit.

Innovation Incentive Research

Doctoral work examines arrangements encouraging health related innovation. Current incentives misalign with the greatest unmet health needs.

Research Investment Analysis

Research examines returns generated by investment in health research. Aggregate returns are substantial and individually entirely unpredictable.

Intellectual Property Economics

Doctoral study examines patents and exclusivity within health markets. Protection encourages innovation while simultaneously restricting access.

Market Entry And Competition

Research examines entry of new suppliers into health product markets. Entry timing strongly determines when prices for treatments eventually fall.

Supply Chain Economics

Doctoral work examines economics of health product distribution networks. Supply chains are highly concentrated and increasingly fragile globally.

Shortage Economics Research

Research examines causes and consequences of health product shortages. Shortages arise from thin margins and highly concentrated production.

Health Workforce Economics

Doctoral study examines the economics of health workers and their supply. Workforce constitutes the largest share of health system expenditure.

Labour Supply In Healthcare

Research examines participation, hours and retention among health workers. Workforce supply constrains what any health system can actually deliver.

Migration Of Health Workers

Doctoral work examines international movement of health professionals. Migration transfers trained capacity from poorer to wealthier countries.

Behavioural Health Economics

Research examines departures from conventional rational choice assumptions. Behavioural insights explain health decisions that standard theory cannot.

Decision Making Under Uncertainty

Doctoral study examines health choices made without reliable information. Uncertainty is pervasive and poorly handled by most decision makers.

Present Bias And Health

Research examines systematic undervaluation of future health consequences. Present bias explains much of the shortfall in preventive behaviour.

Nudge Intervention Research

Doctoral work examines changing behaviour by restructuring choice environments. Effects are frequently smaller and less durable than initially reported.

Incentive Design For Behaviour

Research examines financial incentives intended to change health behaviour. Incentive effects frequently fade once the incentive is withdrawn.

Health Literacy Economics

Doctoral study examines how understanding affects health decisions and outcomes. Limited literacy worsens every other form of disadvantage people face.

Insurance Choice Behaviour

Research examines how people actually choose between insurance options. People choose poorly when faced with complex insurance product choices.

Provider Choice Research

Doctoral work examines how patients select where to receive their care. Choice depends on convenience far more than on any measured quality.

Adherence Economics Research

Research examines economic determinants of sustained treatment taking. Charges at the point of supply measurably reduce treatment continuation.

Prevention Economics

Doctoral study examines the economics of preventing rather than treating illness. Prevention is frequently assumed to save resources without evidence.

Screening Programme Economics

Research examines economic evaluation of population screening programmes. Screening carries substantial harms alongside its intended benefits.

Vaccination Economics Research

Doctoral work examines economic analysis of immunisation programmes. Vaccination generates benefits extending well beyond those actually vaccinated.

Public Health Intervention Economics

Research examines evaluation of population level health interventions. Population interventions produce effects across many sectors simultaneously.

Tobacco And Alcohol Economics

Doctoral study examines taxation and regulation of harmful substances. Taxation is among the most effective public health instruments available.

Nutrition Policy Economics

Research examines economic instruments influencing dietary behaviour. Dietary policy confronts powerful and well organised commercial opposition.

Physical Activity Economics

Doctoral work examines economic analysis of activity promoting interventions. Environmental change frequently outperforms individual behavioural programmes.

Environmental Health Economics

Research examines health consequences of environmental exposure and policy. Environmental health effects fall disproportionately on poorer communities.

Climate And Health Economics

Doctoral study examines health economics of climate change and response. Health benefits substantially strengthen the case for climate action.

Social Determinants Economics

Research examines how social conditions shape health and its distribution. Social conditions influence health more than healthcare itself does.

Income And Health Research

Doctoral work examines relationships between material resources and health. Causation runs in both directions and is difficult to disentangle.

Education And Health Research

Research examines how education influences health across the life course. Education effects on health are large and have been persistently observed.

Housing And Health Economics

Doctoral study examines housing conditions as a determinant of health. Housing interventions can deliver health benefits at substantial scale.

Employment And Health Research

Research examines work, unemployment and their consequences for health. Employment conditions affect health through many separate causal pathways.

Informal Care Economics

Doctoral work examines unpaid care and its wider economic consequences. Unpaid care is enormous in value and routinely excluded from analysis.

Long Term Care Financing

Research examines how sustained care for dependent people is funded. Long term care financing remains unresolved across most wealthy countries.

Mental Health Economics

Doctoral study examines economics of mental illness and its treatment. Mental illness carries enormous burden and persistently insufficient investment.

Substance Use Economics

Research examines economic analysis of substance use and its treatment. Treatment investment consistently returns more than it actually costs.

Maternal And Child Health Economics

Doctoral work examines economics of care in pregnancy and early childhood. Early life investment produces returns across an entire human lifetime.

Ageing Population Economics

Research examines economic consequences of demographic population ageing. Ageing reshapes health demand and the workforce available to meet it.

End Of Life Care Economics

Doctoral study examines resource use during the final phase of life. Spending concentrates very heavily in the last period of a person life.

Rare Disease Economics

Research examines evaluation of treatments for very small populations. Conventional evaluation methods fit these treatments extremely poorly.

Infectious Disease Economics

Doctoral work examines economics of transmissible disease and its control. Transmission creates benefits extending far beyond treated individuals.

Pandemic Economics Research

Research examines economic analysis of large scale outbreak response. Response decisions involve trade offs across health and entire economies.

Antimicrobial Resistance Economics

Doctoral study examines the economics of a shared and depleting resource. Conventional market incentives fail badly for new antimicrobial development.

One Health Economics

Research examines economics spanning human, animal and environmental health. Integrated analysis captures value that sector specific analysis misses.

Health Inequality Measurement

Doctoral work examines quantifying differences in health between groups. Measurement choices substantially affect apparent inequality trends.

Equity In Access Research

Research examines whether people with equal need obtain equal care. Access inequity persists even within universal health coverage systems today.

Socioeconomic Gradient Analysis

Doctoral study examines the continuous relationship between status and health. The gradient extends across the whole of the social distribution.

Ethnic Disparity Economics

Research examines health and access differences between ethnic groups. Disparities persist after adjustment for material circumstances alone.

Geographic Inequality Research

Doctoral work examines health differences between places and regions. Geographic differences in outcomes are substantial and remarkably persistent.

Global Health Financing

Research examines how health is funded across countries and internationally. Financing arrangements determine survival prospects across whole populations.

Development Assistance For Health

Doctoral study examines international health funding flows and their effects. Assistance is volatile and frequently misaligned with recipient priorities.

Low Income Setting Economics

Research examines health economics where resources are severely constrained. Allocation decisions carry their greatest consequences in these settings.

Middle Income Transition Research

Doctoral work examines countries losing eligibility for external health assistance. Transition can leave essential programmes suddenly unfunded.

Household Health Spending Research

Research examines health expenditure met directly by households themselves. Direct household spending is the least equitable financing mechanism.

Health And Economic Growth

Doctoral study examines relationships between population health and prosperity. Health improvement contributes measurably to economic development.

Macroeconomic Health Analysis

Research examines health within whole economy modelling frameworks. Health shocks propagate through labour supply and through public finances.

Fiscal Space Research

Doctoral work examines capacity of governments to increase health funding. Fiscal capacity constrains health ambition across most countries.

Political Economy Of Health

Research examines how power and interests shape health policy outcomes. Technical analysis alone never explains which policies are actually adopted.

Lobbying And Influence Research

Doctoral study examines commercial influence over health policy decisions. Influence operates well beyond visible and declared lobbying activity.

Policy Evaluation Methods

Research develops robust evaluation of health policy interventions. Many health policies are implemented without any subsequent evaluation at all.

Natural Experiment Research

Doctoral work exploits policy variation arising outside researcher control. Natural experiments permit strong inference where trials are impossible.

Implementation Economics

Research examines the resource requirements of actually delivering interventions. Implementation costs are routinely omitted from published evaluations.

Capacity Building In Health Economics

Doctoral study examines developing analytical capability within health systems. Analytical capacity constrains evidence based decision making everywhere.

Ethics In Economic Evaluation

Research examines value judgements embedded within economic methods. Apparently technical choices encode genuinely contestable ethical positions.